La extensión de la Síntesis Biológica y sus implicaciones para la noción de especie
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24310/Contrastescontrastes.v0i0.1159Abstract
RESUMEN
El debate sobre la noción de especie se viene produciendo en dos planos. En el plano conceptual y en el ontológico. Respecto del primero, se han analizado las ventajas y desventajas de diversos conceptos de especie (biológico, fenético, ecológico, filogenético…). En el plano ontológico se discute si las especies son clases, individuos o algún otro tipo de entidad. Ambos debates has estado marcados durante casi medio siglo por el puesto central que ocupaba el nivel genético. Con la extensión de la síntesis biológica producida en las dos últimas décadas, el gen empieza a perder al lugar central y privilegiado que ocupaba, como causa y explicación de todo fenómeno biológico. Comenzamos ahora a reconocer la importancia ontológica y causal de otros niveles de la jerarquía biológica. Pensamos que este cambio de perspectiva afectará al debate sobre la
noción de especie, tanto en el plano conceptual como en el ontológico. Todavía no estamos en disposición de ofrecer conclusiones cerradas, pero sí de vislumbrar el rumbo que tomará de ahora en adelante el debate de las especies. Estimamos probable que tengamos que convivir indefinidamente con una pluralidad de conceptos de especies. Y en el plano ontológico proponemos
un tipo de pluralismo no homogéneo, con reconocimiento de entidad y fuerza causal a los diversos niveles de organización biológica, desde el gen hasta el ecosistema, incluyendo posiblemente la especie, pero no otorgándoles el mismo peso a cada uno.
PALABRAS CLAVES
CONCEPTO BIOLÓGICO DE ESPECIE, GEN, ESPECIE COMO INDIVIDUO
ABSTRACT
The debate on the notion of species has been occurring in two realms: conceptual and ontological. Regarding the former, the biologists have analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of various concepts of species (biological, phenetic, ecological, phylogenetic...). In the ontological realm, biologists and philosophers have discussed whether species are classes, individuals or some other entity. For nearly half a century, both debates have been marked by the prominent role of the genetic level. With the extension of the biological synthesis produced in the last two decades, the gene begins to lose its privileged place as cause and explanation of every biological phenomenon. We now begin to recognize the importance of other ontological and causal levels along the biological hierarchy. We think that this change of perspective will affect the debate on the notion of species, both in the conceptual and ontological realms. We are not yet able to offer definitive conclusions, but we will shine a light on the future direction of the debate on the notion of species. We estimate that we have probably to live indefinitely with a plurality of concepts of species. And, regarding the ontological plane, we would propose a non-homogeneous pluralism. Probably we will be forced to recognize causal force and ontological weight to entities of various levels, from the gene to the ecosystem, possibly including species, although not according the same weight to each one.
KEYWORDS
BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF SPECIES, GEN, SPECIES AS INDIVIDUAl
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