Self-consciousness

Authors

  • José Antonio Jiménez Rodríguez Universidad de Málaga Spain

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.vi7.13398

Keywords:

Self-consciousness, self-focus, self-regulation, self-concept

Abstract

This work presents the objective self-consciousness (or self-focus or self-awareness). Before beginning with their exposition, it is located in historical and thematic context, for its best knowledge and understanding. Then, the first theory is presented, that of the objective self-consciousness (Duval and Wicklund, 1972, Wicklund, 1975, 1978). Next, some elementary concepts are exposed that help to understand it. Finally, the most outstanding theories under the generic name of self-consciousness will be exposed, not in all their extension, but standing out what they have of innovative or complementary regarding the original formulation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Beck, J. G., Barlow, D. H., y Sakheim, D. K. (1983). The Effects of Attentional Focus and Partner Arousal on Sexual Responding in Functional and Dysfunctional Men. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(1), 1-8.

Becker, E. (1962). The birth and death of meaning. New York: Free Press.

Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. New York: Free Press.

Becker, E. (1975). Escape form evil. New York: Free Press.

Buss, D. M., y Scheier, M. F. (1976). Self-Consciousness, Self-Awareness, and Self-Attribution. Journal of Research in Personality, 10, 463-468.

Beike, D.R., Lampinen, J.M. y Behrend, D.A. (2004). The self and memory. New York: Psychology Press. Carver, C. S. (1975). Physical Aggresion as a Function of Objetive Self-Awareness and Attitudes toward Punishment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 11, 510-519

Carver, C. S. (1979). A Cybernetic Model of Self-Attention Processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 373 (8), 1251-1281.

Carver, C. S., y Scheier, M. F. (1978). Self-Focusing Effects of Dispositional Self-Consciousness, Mirror Presence, and Audience Presence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(3), 324-332.

Carver, C. S., y Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and selfregulation: A control therapy approach to human behavior. New York y Berlin: Springer-Berlag.

Carver, C. S., y Scheier, M. F. (1991). A Control-Process Perspective on Anxiety. En R. Schwarzer y R.A. Wicklund (eds), Anxiety and Self-Focused Attention. New York: Hardwood Academic Publishers.

Carver, C. S., y Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control Theory: A Useful Conceptual Framework for Personality Social, Clinical, and Health Psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92(1), 111-135.

Carver, C. S., y Scheier, M. F. (1985). Aspects of Self, and the Control of Behaviour. En B.R. Schlenker (Ed), The Self and Social Life (pp. 146-174). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Carver, C. S., y Scheier, M. F. (1987). The Blind Men and the Elephant: Selective Examination of the Public-Private Literature Gives Rise to a Faulty Perception. Journal of Personality, 55(3), 525-541.

Carver, C. S., y Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and Functions of Positive and Negative Affect: A Control-Process View. Psychological Review, 97(1), 19-35.

Carver, C. S., y Scheier, M. F. (1996). Self-regulation. En C.S. Carver y M.F. Scheier (Eds), Perspectives on personality9733 (3a ed., ). Needham Heights, Mass: Allyn y Bacon.

Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Scribners.

Dickstein, L.S., Wang, N., y Whitaker, A. (1981). Private self-consciousness and trait-anxiety. Psychological Reports, 489733 , 518.

Duval, S., Duval, V. H., Y Neely, R. (1979). Self-Focus, Felt Responsibility, and Helping Behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(10), 17691778.

Duval, S., y Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A Theory of Objetive Self-Awareness. New York: Academic Press.

Duval, S., y Wicklund, R. A. (1973). Effects og Objective Self-Awareness on Attribution of Causality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 17-31.

Fenigstein, A. (1987). On the Nature of Public and Private Self-Consciousness. Journal of Personality, 55(3), 543-554.

Fenigstein, A., Scheier, M. F., y Buss, A. H. (1975). Public and private self-consciousness: Assessment and theory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 43, 522-527.

Fierro, A. (1996). El conocimiento de sí mismo. A. Fierro (Ed), Manual de Psicología de la Personalidad. Barcelona: Paidós.

Froming, W. J., Walker, G. R., y Lopyan, K. J. (1982). Public and Private Self-Awareness: When Personal Attitudes Conflict with Societal Expectations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 476-487.

Gibbons, F. X. (1990a). Self-Attention and Behaviour: A Review and Theoretical Update. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 23, 249-303.

Gibbons, F. X. (1990b). The Impact of Focus of Attention and Affect on Social Behaviour. En W. R. CROZIER (Ed), Shyness and Embarrassment. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Gollwitzer, P. M., y Wicklund, R. A. (1987). Fusing Apples and Oranges: A Rejoinder to Carver and Scheier and to Fenigstein. Journal of Personality, 55(3), 555-561.

Greenberg, J., y Pyszczynski, T. (1986). Persistent High Self-Focus After Failure and Low Self-Focus After Success: The Depressive Self-Focusing Style. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 10391044.

Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., y Solomon, S. (1986). The causes and consequences of the need for selfesteem: A terror management theory. En R. F. Baumeister (Ed), Public and private self (pp. 198-212). New York: Springer.

Hull, J. G., y Levy, A. S. (1979). The Organizational Functions of the Self: An Alternative to the Duval and Wicklund Model of Self-Awareness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(5), 756-768.

Hull, J. G., Young, R. D., y Jouriles, E. (1986). Applications of the Self-Awareness Model of Alcohol Consumption: Predicting Patterns of Use and Abuse. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 790-796.

Ickes, W. J., Wicklund, R. A., y Ferris, C. R. (1973). Objective Self Awareness and Self Esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 202-219.

Ingram, R. E. (1990). Self-Focused Attention in Clinical Disorders: Review and a Conceptual Model. Psychological Bulletin, 107 (2), 156-176.

Ingram, R. E., Johnson, B. R., Bernet, C. Z., Dombeck, M., y Rowe, M. K. (1992). Vulnerability to Distress: Cognitive and Emotional Reactivity in Chronically Self-Focused Individuals. 3 Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(4), 451-472.

James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.

James, W. (1910). Psychology: The briefer course. New York: Holt.

Jiménez, J.A. (1997). Ansiedad-estrés como efecto de la autoconciencia. En M. Hombrados (Ed.), Estrés y salud. Valencia: Promolibro.

Jiménez, J.A. (1999). Autoconciencia, personalidad sana y sistema autorreferente. Anales de Psicología, 15, 169-177

Jiménez, J.A. (2001). Influencia de la autoconciencia estado y rasgo sobre la autoestima. Revista de Psicología General y Aplicada, 54, 5-16

Kurosawa, K., y Harackiewicz, J. M. (1995). Test Anxiety, Self-Awareness, and Cognitive Interference: A Process Analysis. Journal of Personality, 63(4), 931951.

Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., y Pribram, K. H. (1960). Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart y Winston.

Polivy, J., Herman, C. P., Hackett, R., y Kuleshnyk, I. (1986). The effects of Self-Attention and Public Attention on Eating in Restrained and Unrestrained Subjects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(6), 1252-1250

Powers, W. T. (1973). Behaviour: The control of perception. Chicago: Aldine.

Powers, W. T. (1978). Quantitative analysis of purposive systems: Some spadework at the foundations of scientific psychology. Psychological Review, 85, 417-435.

Pyszczynski, T., y Greenberg, J. (1985). Depression and Preference for Self-Focusing Stimuli After Success and Failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(4), 1066-1075.

Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., y Hamilton, J. (1991). A terror management analysis of selfawareness and anxiety: The hierarchy of terror. En R. Schwarzer y R. A. Wicklund. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.

Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client Centred Therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Rosenblatt, A., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., y Lyon, D. (1989). Evidence For Terror Management Theory: I. The Effects of Mortality Salience on Reactions to Those Who Violate or Uphold Cultural Values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(4), 681-690.

Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. New York: Prentice Hall.

Scheier, M. F. (1976). Self-Awareness, Self-Consciousness, and Angry Aggression. Journal of Personality, 44, 627-644.

Scheier, M. F., Buss, A. H., Y Buss, D. M. (1978). Self-Consciousness, Self-Report of Aggressiveness, and Aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 12, 133-140.

Scheier, M. F., Y Carver, C. S. (1977). Self-Focused Attention and the Experience of Emotion: Attraction, Repulsion, Elation, and Depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 625-636

Scheier, C. F., y Carver, C. S. (1985). The Self-Consciousness Scale: A Revised VErsion for Use with General Populations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(8), 687-699.

Scheier, M. F., y Carver, C. S. (1988). A Model of Behavioral Self-Regulation: Translating Intention into Action. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 303-346.

Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., y Gibbons, F. X. (1979). Self-Directed Attention, Awareness of Bodily States, and Suggestibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(9), 1576-1588.

Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., y Matthews, K. A. (1982). Attentional factors in the perception of bodily states. En J. Caccioppo y R. Petty (Eds), Social psychology. New York: Guilford Press.

Shibutani, T. (1961). Social and personality: An interactionist approach to social psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Smith, K.U., y Smith, M.F. (1966). Cybernetic principles of learning and educational design. New York: Holt, Rinehart, y Winston.

Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., y Pyszczynski, T. (1991). A Terror Management Theory of Social Behaviour: The Psychological Functions of Self-Esteem and Cultural Worldviews. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 24, 93-159.

Strack, S., Blaney, P. H., Ganellen, R. J., y Coyne, J. C. (1985). Pessimistic Self-Preoccupation, Performance Deficits, and Depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(4), 1076-1085.

Strigel-Moore, R., Silberstein, L. R., y Rodin, J. (1993). The Social Self in Bulimia Nervosa: Public SelfConsciousness, Social Anxiety, and Perceived Fraudulence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(2), 297-303.

Weiner, B. (1986). And attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Wells, A. (1985). Relationship between private selfconsciousness and anxiety scores in threatening situations. Psychological Reports, 57, 1063-1066.

Wells, A. (1991). Effects of dispositional self-focus, appraisal and attention instructions on responses to a threatening stimulus. Anxiety Research, 3, 291-301.

Wells, A., y Matthews, G. (1994). Self-Consciousness and Cognitive Failures as Predictors of Coping in Stressful Episodes. Cognition and Emotion, 8(3), pp. 279-295.

Wicklund, R. A. (1991). Introduction. En R. A. Schwarzer y R. A. Wicklund Anxiety and self-focused attention. New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.

Wicklund, R. A. (1980). Group contact and self-focused attention. En P. B. Paulus (Ed), Psychology of group influence. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Wicklund, R. A. (1975). Objective Self-Awareness. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 8, 233275.

Wicklund, R. A. (1978). Three Years Later. En L. Berkowitz (Ed), Cognitive Theories in Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press.

Wicklund, R. A., y Duval, S. (1971). Opinion Change ad Performance Facilitation as a Result of Objetive Self-Awareness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 7, 319-342.

Wicklund, R. A., y Frey, D. (1980). Self-Awareness Theory: When the Self Makes a Difference. En D.M. Wegner y R.R. Vallacher (Eds.), The self in Social Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wicklund, R. A., y Gollwitzer, P. M. (1987). The Fallacy of the Private-Public Self-Focus Distinction. Journal of Personality, 55(3), 491-523.

Wolff, W. (1932). Selbstbeurteilung und Fremdbeurteilung im wissentlichen und unwissentlichen Versuch. Psychologische Forschung, 16, 251-328.

Published

2005-10-01

How to Cite

Jiménez Rodríguez, J. A. (2005). Self-consciousness. Escritos De Psicología - Psychological Writings, 1(7), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.24310/espsiescpsi.vi7.13398

Issue

Section

Revisiones